Spinach is a biennial herbaceous plant of the Chenopodiaceae family. Also known as red root vegetables, Persian cuisine. Persia is now the origin of Iran, about the Tang dynasty into our country, a long history of cultivation, China's widespread cultivation throughout the north and south. It has wide adaptability, strong cold resistance, storage resistance, long supply period, easy planting and fast harvest, high yield. The product can be supplied in early spring and autumn and winter off-season. It is one of the important vegetables in northern autumn, winter and spring.
Spinach whole green, tender and delicious, nutrient-rich, rich in vitamins and mineral elements, is a popular vegetable with high nutritional value.
Biological characteristics
(1) botanical characteristics
1. Root spinach has deeper taproots and is more developed. Taproot slightly thick slightly expanded, the upper part of the red, storage of nutrients, sweet taste edible. The main root groups were distributed in 25-30 cm soil layer. Lateral roots are not well developed and not suitable for transplanting.
2. Stem vegetative growth period for the shortened stem, reproductive growth period flower stem elongation, 66-100 cm high.
3. The flowers of spinach are unisexual and a few are bisexual. Dioecious, a few monoecious. Male Flowers: spikes, inserted in stem apex or axils, petalless, calyx 4-5-lobed, stamens as many as calyx. Anthers longitudinally dehiscent, pollen numerous, yellow-green, anemone. Female flowers clustered in leaf axils, apetalous, with pistils 1, stigmas 4-6, calyx 2-4-lobed, enclosing ovary, ovary 1-loculed. There is 1 ovule in it. The calyx of spiny vegetables develops into a horny process. The“Seed” used for sowing is fruit. Female flowers clustered in leaf axils, with 6-20 florets per axil. Peduncle absent or having peduncles of unequal length.
4. Before leaf bolting, the leaves of spinach grew on shortened stems and the roots produced leaves. There are two types of leaves: round and pointed. Round-leafed spinach has large, thick, smooth, ovoid or toward-shaped leaves; pointed-leafed spinach has narrow, thin, hastate or arrow-shaped leaves with acute or obtuse apex. Spinach leaves dark green, soft texture, slender petiole, for the main edible parts.
5. Fruit and seeds. The fruit of spinach is a utricle, irregularly rounded, with 1 seed inside, enclosed by a hard leathery exocarp. There are two kinds of thorns and no thorns. The endocarp is corked, the thick wall cell is developed, the water, the air does not penetrate easily, therefore the seed germinates slowly. The 1000-seed weight is 9.5-12.599. The seeds can be stored for 3-5 years under normal storage conditions.
(2) requirements for environmental conditions
1. Temperature, spinach is one of the most hardy of the green leafy vegetables. It can survive the winter in the open field in the south of the Yangtze River basin, and in areas around -10 degrees, it can survive the winter safely in the open field, north, northeast and Northwest China can live through the winter in the open field with wind barriers and ground cover. The cold tolerance of spinach is closely related to plant growth and seedling age. Plants with 4-6 leaves can endure short-term-30 °C low temperature. AT-40 °C low temperature, only the outer leaves are frozen and yellowed, and the roots and buds will not be damaged. If the seedlings have only 1-2 leaves, or seedlings are too large, or will bolting plants, overwintering susceptible to cold injury and death. Spinach has wide adaptability. The optimum temperature for its growth is 15-30 degrees, and the optimum temperature is 15-20 degrees. Spinach seeds can germinate at 4 degrees, and the optimum temperature is 15-20 degrees, and it can germinate in 4 days, the germination rate was over 90% . The germination rate decreased with the increase of temperature.
2. Light, spinach is a low-temperature long-day crops. However, flower bud differentiation is mainly affected by the length of sunshine, which is easy to pass through the light stage under long days and high temperature, and low temperature can promote flower bud differentiation under long days. After the flower bud differentiation, the temperature rises, when the sunshine lengthens, the bolting and flowering speed up. The overwintering spinach plants will bolt and bloom quickly in the spring and summer of the following year.
3. Water, spinach in the air humidity 80%-90% , soil humidity 70%-80% of the environmental conditions, the most vigorous growth, thick leaves, good quality, high yield. Spinach needs a lot of water in the growth process, water shortage in the growth period, slow growth, mesophyll aging, increased fiber, prone to downy mildew, especially in high temperature, dry, long sunshine, will promote the development of flower organs, bolting early.
4. Spinach has a wide adaptability to soil nutrition. It is suitable to plant in fertile, moist (night tide) , neutral or slightly alkaline loam with PH 6-7.5. Acid soil can poison spinach, not suitable for cultivation. Fast-growing green leafy spinach requires more nitrogen fertilizer to promote the growth of leaf cluster, good quality and high yield. Nitrogen fertilizer should be applied on the basis of total N, P and K fertilizer.
(III) growth and development
1. During the vegetative growth period, from the time when spinach is sown and sprouts to the time when all the differentiated leaves are fully grown, the inflorescence begins to differentiate from the time when the cotyledons unfold to the time when two true leaves appear. This stage of growth is slow. After the two true leaves unfold, number of leaves, leaf weight, leaf surface. At the same time growing rapidly. The number of leaves during inflorescence differentiation varied with variety, sowing date and climatic conditions, with a few of 5-6 leaves and more than 20 leaves.
2. The reproductive growth period, from inflorescence differentiation to seed maturation, overlaps with the vegetative growth period. The factors that can strengthen photosynthesis and nutrient accumulation in the external conditions can generally promote the female to strengthen, more lateral branches, more flowers and plump seeds after bolting.
II. Types and varieties
According to the shape of spinach leaves and the presence or absence of spines on the fruit, spinach can be divided into sharp leaf (spines) and round leaf (no spines) types.
1. Beijing Jianye spinach, Beijing local varieties. Leaf blade arrow-shaped, the base of a pair of deep-lobed, green to meat slightly thin, less fiber, better quality. Fruit rhombic and spiny. Cold, not heat-resistant, Mu yield 1000ー2500 kg, suitable for root stubble overwintering and autumn cultivation.
2. Japanese large-leaved spinach, leaf blade elliptic to ovate, apex slightly acuminate, base shallowly notched. Leaves broad and fleshy, dark green. Strong heat-resistant, not cold-resistant, suitable for summer and autumn cultivation. High yield and good quality.
3, large round leaf spinach, introduced from the United States, is a thorn-free species. Leaves ovate to broadly triangular, leaves hypertrophy, leaf surface more wrinkled, dark green color. Sweet and tender quality, late spring bolting, high yield, good quality, but not cold-resistant, 0.5 kg per plant. Disadvantage is the ability to resist downy mildew and virus disease is weak. It is cultivated in northeast, north and Northwest China.
Cultivation techniques of spinach in four seasons
Spinach is an important vegetable with wide adaptability, short growth period, fast growth and fast maturity. The products are edible regardless of size, and there are cold-resistant and heat-resistant varieties. The cultivation methods include overwintering, burying, spring spinach, summer spinach, autumn spinach, frozen spinach, etc. , which can be arranged and sown, annual supply.
(1) main cultivation techniques of spring spinach
1. Time of cultivation: sowing in early march-mid April, early and mid May.
2. Variety selection and sowing time: the round leaf type spinach varieties with late bolting and large leaves should be selected for planting spring spinach. Early spring when the soil surface 4-6 cm after thawing, it should be as early as possible to“Top Ling sowing” as well. According to the meteorological data, it can be sown when the daily average temperature rises to 4-5 °C, generally in early March until the middle of April.
Because of the low temperature and slow emergence in the early stage of spring spinach sowing, it is not conducive to leaf primordium differentiation. In the later stage, the temperature rises, the sunshine prolongs, which is conducive to bolting and flowering. Therefore, the vegetative growth period is short, the number of leaves is small, the bolting is easy, and the yield is low.
3. Soil preparation: planting spring spinach plots should choose the last crop has not been planted with cruciferous vegetables or other field crop plots. With rotten circle fertilizer for basal fertilizer, add nitrogen, potassium fertilizer 30 kg, and then shallow tillage, make about 1.3 meters wide furrow ready to sow. Some in the first year to do a field, clamp good wind barrier for sowing.
4. Sowing: in the production often used soaking method of germination, the seeds with warm water soaking for 5-6 hours, remove after germination at 15-20 °C temperature, wash with warm water once a day, sprout within 3-4 days. Generally take broadcast method, spring spinach growth period is short, smaller plants, sowing amount increased to 5ー7 kg per mu. Early spring sowing had better use wet sow (“Fall into water sow”) , irrigate plantar water first, wait for water to seep to finish hind cast sow seed, cover soil next, thick about 1 centimeter. Because the furrow surface has a layer of loose soil cover, not only reduces the evaporation of soil moisture, but also has the effect of heat preservation. Seeds in a relatively warm and humid and well-ventilated environment, can be early emergence.
5. Field management: spring spinach early to cover the plastic film insulation, can be directly covered on the surface of the furrow, after the emergence of the removal of the film or replaced by a small arch cover, small arch shed day and night cover, clear cover, let the seedlings see more light. Spring spinach sown with wet sowing method can generally be irrigated with the first water when the seedlings grow 2-3 true leaves due to sufficient soil moisture. From the second water, topdressing urea with water 15 kg per mu, or 20 kg per mu of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer, especially 15 days before harvest to topdressing available nitrogen fertilizer. Watering depends on the climate and the moisture of the soil. The principle is to always keep the soil moist.
6. Timely harvest: generally after sowing 40-60 days can be harvested, may in the first ten days to reach the harvest standard.
(2) cultivation techniques of summer spinach
Summer spinach, also known as“V Spinach”, is 7-8 months of spinach on the market. The seedling growth period is in the season of high temperature and long sunshine. Although the leaf primordium differentiation is fast, the flower bud differentiation and bolting are also fast. The growth of leaf area is limited, the quality is poor, and the yield is low.
The problems of emergence, seedling protection and robust growth should be solved in summer spinach cultivation. The key points for cultivation are:
1. Time of cultivation: sowing in mid-juneー July, harvest about 50 days after sowing.
2. Variety selection: summer spinach should be selected heat-resistant, fast-growing, bolting-resistant, disease-resistant, high yield and good quality varieties. The most suitable varieties for summer planting are F1 and K5 of Biju No. 5 spinach in the Netherlands, Kitakami in Japan and spinach in Shaoxing. Next may use the Guangdong round leaf spinach, as well as the Nanjing big leaf spinach, the Chinese spinach 1 and so on.
3. Determine the appropriate sowing time: sowing time can be arranged in the plan before the market more than 50 days. At the same time, sowing should be arranged as far as possible before the arrival of the highest temperature in summer, so that the seedlings can grow for a period of time before entering the high temperature period, which is conducive to obtaining higher yield. Therefore, the suitable sowing time for summer spinach is in the early and middle of June.
4. Seed germination: summer spinach seed germination must be low temperature soaking before sowing. The method is to soak the seeds in well water for 24-30 hours, wrap them in gauze, hang them at about 20 cm from the water surface in the well, and wash the seeds once a day by immersing them in water, after 2-3 days, the seeds were replanted when the radicles were exposed. Can also be soaked seeds, spread in the indoor shade germination, pay attention to turn and maintain a certain amount of moisture, after 5-6 days can also sprout. Or soaked seeds, put in 15 °cー20 °C under the germination, 3ー4 days can sprout.
5. Seed preparation and fertilization: before ploughing, 2000-3000 kg of rotten farmyard manure, 20 kg of three-element compound fertilizer and 10 kg of urea should be applied per 667 square meters. 1.5 kg of zinc fertilizer and 0.7 kg of boron fertilizer should be applied as base fertilizer. Shallow tillage rake, make 1.1 meters wide furrow (including ridge) , furrow surface must be flat, furrow can not be too long, to 15 meters or so is appropriate. Wet sowing before 10 a. m. and after 4 P. M. Namely first water, wait for water to infiltrate, sow seeds, cover 1.5ー2 cm fine soil. In order to ensure adequate number of seedlings per 667 square meters can be increased to 8-10 kg sowing rate. After sowing, cover the furrows with crop straw to keep the temperature and humidity down, prevent washing by heavy rain, and make sure the seedlings are even. Don't water as far as possible before emergence, so as to avoid soil hardening or washing away cover soil when watering, so that the seeds exposed, affect the emergence. Remove Mulch in the evening or morning after emergence.
6. Field management: Seedling: after emergence, the emergence of too dense place to carry out seedling. Watering: the fertilization and watering during the growth period of summer spinach should be based on the principle of light watering and frequent watering. The first watering, water flow to slow, small amount of water to avoid mud will cause cotyledons after soaking dead seedlings. Generally 5-7 days a watering, often keep the soil moist, to reduce ground temperature. Watering time to be placed in the early morning or evening, to water wells, not water ponds and rivers. During the growth of seedlings, do not like high temperature and strong light exposure, when necessary, can set up shade. Cover early cover late, both cooling and rain.
7. Prevention and control of diseases and insect pests: summer spinach main diseases are damping-off disease, downy mildew, anthracnose, virus disease. The Prevention and CURE method of damping-off disease: after spinach emergence, can use lv Heng 13000 times, or Gram 1500 times liquid spray ground and plant. If the disease is serious, can be used 72.2% prolix 600 times solution plus 68.75% dubangyibao 1000 times solution spray. Control of downy mildew: 600 times of 72% Mancozeb or 500 times of 58% metalaxyl WP or 500 times of 64% Mancozeb or 200 times of 40% acetophos-aluminium WP, alternate 2 sprays every 7 days. The control method of anthracnose: spray 2-3 times with 70% thiophanate-methyl 1000 times solution, 50% carbendazim WP 600 times solution, or 70% Mancozeb WP 500 times solution alternately every 7 days. Best according to the characteristics of different agents compound control. Prevention and control of viral diseases: early elimination of aphids to reduce the chance of transmission of viruses. To leafminer pest, must strengthen the prevention.
(3) cultivation techniques of spinach in greenhouse
Spinach is an important green leafy vegetable with strong cold tolerance. It is widely cultivated in autumn, winter and spring, but it is difficult to grow spinach in summer with high temperature and rainy weather. We made use of the winter warm greenhouse and the summer idle period of the arch round greenhouse to experiment and plant with the method of sheltering from rain, and achieved success. The yield per mu can reach more than 1500 kilograms. The market prospect is promising, and the income is very considerable, a crop can be harvested in about 40 days. The main technical measures taken to grow over-summer spinach are as follows:
1. Protective equipment. The spinach sown from May to July belongs to the oversummer spinach, and the method of shading from the sun and rain should be used in the cultivation of oversummer spinach.
(1) shade net. The solar greenhouse (winter greenhouse) can be used to cover the shading net on the film during the summer rest period to shade the sun and rain, or the large arch greenhouse can be used to cover the shading net on the film to cool down. The best use of shading rate 60% of the sun shading net. Install shading Net had better leave shed film 20 cm (cooling effect is remarkable) , and roll put convenient. During the high-temperature period from 9:00 am to 4:00 pm on a sunny day, cover the greenhouse and canopy with a sunshade net to prevent direct strong light. When the light is weak before 9:00 am and after 4:00 pm on a rainy or sunny day, the sunshade net rolled up, so both to prevent strong light and high temperature can let spinach see enough sunshine.
(2) insect netting. Aphids and Laodelphax striatellus are the vectors that transmit virus diseases. To prevent these vectors from entering greenhouses is one of the main technical measures for growing over-summer vegetables. Before planting, can be in the arch around the greenhouse or the south of the greenhouse. Seal 60-70 mesh insect net, so neither affect the ventilation, but also safe isolation vector into the greenhouse. Also should carry on the examination to the shed membrane to repair promptly, in order to prevent the rainwater to enter in the shed to cause the virus disease.
In a word, it is the key to adopt the measure of shading from the sun and rain for over summer cultivation of spinach.
2, choose heat-resistant varieties. Should choose the more heat-resistant varieties, currently more use of the Dutch company will be long K 4, K 5, K 6, K 7 and other varieties, Sheng Xianfeng also performed well. Their common characteristics are heat and disease resistance, bolting tolerance, fast growth and high yield.
3. Cultivation methods. When the soil in a solar greenhouse or a large arch shed is sandy loam, it is easy to infiltrate or evaporate, so it can be planted in furrows. Generally, the width of a furrow is 1.5 meters, of which the width of a furrow is 1.15 meters and the width of a furrow is 35 centimeters. Each furrow is planted in nine rows, row spacing 12 cm, spacing 2.50 cm, Mu with about 1.75 kg.
When the soil in the shed is clayey soil, because the soil moisture is not easy to infiltrate or evaporate, it is best to use ridge cultivation. Practice has proved that spinach is most afraid of dampness in summer cultivation, such as cultivation in the furrow is easy to get stem rot, in the ridge cultivation leaf base ventilation is good, not easy to get sick. General 50 cm from 1 row, 2 rows per row, hole spacing 5 cm, 2 grains per hole point, the general mu with about 1 kg.
4. Fertilizer and water management. Spinach like fertile, moist, high organic matter content of the soil, such as in the solar greenhouse planted over the summer spinach, because the soil is fertile, generally no longer applied base fertilizer; Each MU can be applied fully decomposed chicken manure about 3 square meters do base fertilizer. Topdressing the best with potassium nitrate or potassium sulfate compound fertilizer, sandy soil per mu of 3 times a total of topdressing potassium nitrate 15 kg or potassium sulfate compound fertilizer 30 kg, with the water flush, according to the growth of spinach topdressing before less after more. In clay loamy soil, 12 kg of potassium nitrate or 25 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer should be applied three times. Summer should be timely watering, watering after row hoe, row hoe both moisture and prevent the growth of moss, which is the key to disease prevention. Especially just emerged after the row hoe, is crucial. If the ground is covered with moss, spinach will show serious dead seedlings and rotten leaves.
Pest control. Diseases such as damping-off, downy mildew, bacterial rot and insect pests such as whitefly and Liriomyza sativae were easy to occur in oversummered spinach. Generally in the fifth day after sowing (just out of the whole seedling) with Daisheng 600 times + downycarb 600 times spray once, 12 days again with Daisheng and downycarb spray once, on the 20th and 28th day, spray Avermectin with 600-fold chlorpyrifos, chlorpromazine and streptomycin, and on the 35th day, spray again with dasheng, paracetamol and streptomycin.
Prevention of viral diseases, attention to pest control, to prevent the spread of insects. Also pay attention to shade cooling, rain prevention to prevent excessive drought, increase the application of organic fertilizer, potassium fertilizer and micro-fertilizer. Spray zhibingling and virus a every 7 days to prevent virus disease.
6. harvest. When the spinach grows to 20-30 cm high (about 40 days) to harvest in a timely manner. May also be appropriate according to the market price ahead of time or 1-2 days after the harvest listed. But don't put it off too long, because spinach rots easily in summer, so it's better to harvest early than late.
(4) main cultivation techniques of spinach in early autumn
Spinach early autumn planting, growth period of about 30-40 days, short time, vegetables listed fast, can meet the market demand for autumn fresh vegetables, but also to achieve higher economic benefits.
1, cultivation time: August 20 or so sowing, in late September or so listed.
2, select the variety: just entered the autumn, the temperature is still very high (commonly known as“Autumn Tiger”) . Sow spinach at this time, should choose heat-resistant, easy to germinate varieties such as all-purpose spinach.
3, soil selection: autumn planting spinach on the soil is not strict, sandy loam cultivation performance early, in clay loam cultivation easy to get high yield. Acid resistance is weak, the appropriate soil pH 5.5ー7, soil pH 5.5 below or above when the growth is poor.
4. Applying sufficient base fertilizer: spinach has a high absorption rate of nitrogen and potassium. Generally, 1,000 kg of rotten farmyard manure and 80 kg of ternary compound fertilizer are applied per mu. At the same time, the soil moisture during the whole growth period must be maintained at 70-80% of the field capacity.
5, seed germination: before sowing, the first spinach seeds soaked 12-24 hours, and then spread in the indoor shade for germination. During this period, the seeds should be turned over frequently and kept moist. After 5-6 days, germination can be sown.
6, timely sowing: early autumn spinach generally started in mid-august after sowing, in mid-september, late harvest market. High temperature period of the amount of seed should be raised to 10-15 kg per mu (import seed Dibble, seeding rate should not be too large, generally 1.2-1.5 kg per mu dry seeding rate) . When sowing, should first water after the plantar re-sowing, 2-3 times uniform sowing, after sowing to shoot real furrow surface.
7. Sowing management: for spinach sown before“White dew”, it is best to cover the furrow with straw or straw after sowing, or set up a shed to reduce the harm of high temperature and rainstorm and direct sunlight, so as to reduce temperature and humidity and promote the whole seedling. Before the emergence of spinach seeds, water them once a day in the morning and once at night. After the emergence, remove the mulch and water them in time according to the soil moisture. After the two true leaves of spinach are unfolded, the number of leaves, leaf weight and leaf area increased rapidly, and quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer was applied 1-2 times. Sxd
(5) cultivation techniques of autumn spinach
Autumn spinach is planted in August, September to October spinach market. After“Beginning of autumn”(early August) , the temperature drops gradually, the sunshine time reduces gradually, the climatic condition is advantageous to the vegetative growth, is disadvantageous to the reproductive growth, therefore is quite easy to achieve the high yield, the high quality goal.
1. Planting time. Sowing in August, 30-60 days after sowing can be harvested in batches, in late September to November listed one after another.
2, select suitable varieties. After autumn spinach is sown, the temperature is high in the early stage and gradually decreases in the later stage, the light is relatively sufficient, which is suitable for spinach growth, and the Rizhao is gradually shortened, which is not easy to pass the stage of development. Generally, autumn spinach does not bolt, so the selection of varieties is not very strict. Early sowing, because the temperature is still relatively high, can choose more heat-resistant round leaf spinach varieties; late sowing, can choose round leaf spinach varieties or sharp leaf spinach varieties.
Seed treatment. When sowing in August, the daily average temperature still has an effect on the germination of spinach seeds, especially in early August, the daily average temperature often reaches 24-29 °C, if the seed is not soaked before sowing, the germination will be slow, the growth period of leaves is shortened, which affects the yield. The method of soaking seeds for germination is the same as that of summer spinach.
4. Choose a plot of land. In accordance with the pollution-free vegetable production conditions of the base, choose to the Sun, loose and fertile, water and fertilizer, drainage and irrigation conditions are good, neutral slightly acidic soil. After the previous harvest, deep plowing, remove the residual roots, fully baked over white. Land preparation, every 666.7 square meters of organic fertilizer 3000-4000 kg, 100 kg of lime, and then the border soil surface levelling fine, made of flat or high border. The width of the furrow is about 1.2 -- 1.5 meters.
5. Sow at the right time. Spinach is generally used in direct seeding, and mainly to broadcast. Generally in August to September, can also be advanced in July or delayed to early October, sowing by stages. The seeds can be sown dry or soaked in well water for about 12 hours and then germinated in a well or shelter, or stored in a refrigerator or freezer at a low temperature of about 4 °C for 24 hours, then in 20 °C-25 °C under the condition of germination, after 3-5 days of germination after sowing. Before sowing, water the bottom of the soil. After sowing, rake the surface soil gently so that the seeds fall into the cracks in the soil. Cover the soil with straw or cover the sunshade net with a small arch shed or a flat shed to keep the soil moist and facilitate the emergence of soil, can also prevent high temperatures and heavy rain wash. Always keep the soil moist, about 6-7 days after the full seedlings. Because autumn climate is hot, arid, and have rainstorm from time to time, grow poorer, often dead seedling, need to sow more, use sow 5 -- 6 kilograms every 666.7 square meters. The later period temperature reduces gradually, the emergence rate is high, the seeding quantity may reduce to 3.0-3.5 kilograms.
6. Cultivation and management. Autumn spinach seedling growth period of air temperature, ground temperature is higher, to frequent watering light watering, maintain soil moisture and reduce ground temperature, to provide good environmental conditions for seedling growth. Autumn spinach growth in the early days of high temperature and dry weather, after the growth of true leaves should be timely pouring a light water, then with the plant growth and temperature decreases, gradually increase the concentration of topdressing. But it should be applied when the soil is dry. If the soil is moist, spinach grows slowly and is prone to disease. In 2 true leaves, combined with the pull over dense seedlings, weeding, pay attention to topdressing. Fertilization should pay attention to grasp the light, diligent application, after the first light thick principle. In the early stage, more organic fertilizer should be applied, i.e. , decomposed manure, especially the manure should be stopped watering 15 days before harvest, and in the late stage, when the growth is in the peak period, the quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer should be applied 2-3 times by stages, 5-10 kg of urea per 666.7 m2 to promote leaf growth, increase yield and improve quality.
7. harvest. Autumn spinach growth period is short, should be based on the growth and market needs of timely harvest listed. Generally in the seedling height of 10 cm, began to pull between batches, listed in succession, pay attention to the first will be dense and soon bolting spinach harvest listed, usually after the first pull between topdressing once, the second net garden. Harvest should be removed yellow leaves, wash with water, tied into a 250-500 grams. Autumn spinach yield 3000-4000 kg per mu in general, high-yield can reach 5000 kg.
(6) cultivation techniques of big-leaf spinach in autumn and winter
1. Variety:
(1) bolting-resistant all-purpose spinach: imported from Hong Kong. Heat-resistant, cold-resistant, wide adaptability, strong winter, bolting late; fast growth, in the 3-28 °C temperature can be rapid growth. The plant shape is erect, the plant height 30-35 centimeters, the leaf 7-9, the single plant weight about 100 grams. Dark green leaves, thick and fat, smooth leaves, 30-35 cm long, 10-15 cm wide. Less astringency and soft texture. Growth Period 80-110 days, resistant to downy mildew, anthrax, virus disease.
(2) Sheng Xianfeng for the hybrid spinach. Resistant to heat and bolting, resistant to downy mildew, broad dark green leaves. Mid-early maturity, harvested 38-45 days after sowing in spring, 55? 65 grams, 30-35 cm high. Erect plant type, sharp round leaves, smooth leaf, bright leaf color, good commercial.
(3) pioneer spinach, with erect and tall plant type, stout petioles, thick leaves, dark green leaves, fast growth, long sowing period, can be planted from mid-august to late January of the next year, harvest 45-50 days after sowing, the average yield of 3000 kg per mu, high-yield fields can reach 4000-5000 kg.
(4) Dutch spinach. The variety early maturity, cold tolerance, bolting tolerance, leaf hypertrophy, dark green leaves, the average weight of 600 grams per plant, the maximum weight of 750 grams per plant, the general yield of 3000-3500 kg. Less fiber, sweet taste, no astringent taste, protected planting growth period of 30 days, 50 days open planting growth period. Autumn sowing time before the end of September in general, in the New Year to the spring festival period can be listed, 3500-4000 kg per mu.
2. Sowing at the right time
Suitable sowing time for the mid-septemberー early October, the best before the national day sowing. Generally 60 days after sowing began to harvest.
3. Soil preparation and fertilization
First, remove the residue of the previous crop, then apply sufficient base fertilizer, 2000-2500 kg of human and livestock manure per mu, 50 kg of high-concentration compound fertilizer, 50 kg of ammonium bicarbonate, and then plow and rake the furrow. Flat border cultivation, 2 meters wide, to ensure that the row can irrigation.
4. Wet sowing
Spinach seeds shell hard, not easy to absorb water, Qimiao difficult, therefore, before sowing the field to enough bottom water. When sowing if the weather is dry, must advance irrigation, moisture, every 1-2 days to sow again, such as moisture, ditching also want to water in the sowing ditch. Japanese big-leafed spinach seeds big, full and tidy, strong germination potential. Sowing can be used ditch drilling, furrow ditching, furrow spacing 18-20 cm, ditch depth 2 cm, grain spacing 4-5 cm. Can be appropriate for close planting, sowing amount per mu in 0.7-0.8 kg, 2-3 cm soil cover after sowing, and then gently suppress, moisture help seedlings. If the moisture is appropriate, generally 7-10 days after sowing can qimiao.
5. Fertilizer and water management
Big leaf spinach like fertile and moist, cold, avoid drought, water, for fast-growing vegetables. Therefore, sufficient fertilizer and water should be supplied in time during the growth period. Keep the soil moist from sowing to full seeding and ensure full seeding. In the 3-leaf stage, it is necessary to cultivate and weed, promote root by ventilation, and combine fertilizer with water in the 6-7-LEAF stage before sealing to promote the vigorous growth of spinach. 10-15 kg urea can be applied per mu, fertilization method: dry after watering or in the rain when the day when fertilization; sealed, if you want to topdressing, you can flush with water ammonium bicarbonate water. If during the growth of drought, to frequently water moisture. In case of continuous rain, to dredge drainage in time.
Pest control
The main diseases of spinach are virus disease and downy mildew. Aphids should be eradicated, diseased plants should be eliminated, and the spread of virus disease should be controlled. To prevent and control downy mildew, we should strengthen field management, reasonable close planting, reasonable irrigation, reduce field humidity, timely spraying at the early stage of disease, and use 85% YSL wettable powder 500 times, spray once every 7-10 days for 2-3 times.
The pests of spinach are pieris rapae, plutella xylostella, aphids and so on. Insecticides such as dipterex, chlorpyrifos or bacillus thuringiensis can be used alternately to control the cabbage caterpillar and diamondback moth, and imidacloprid can be used to control the aphid.
7. Harvest at the right time
When the spinach plant grows to 35-40 cm, can be timely harvest, harvest to remove yellow leaves, withered leaves, diseased leaves, and then with a special plastic belt according to each bundle of 4-5 kg after the sale.
(7) cultivation techniques of overwintering spinach
1. Time of cultivation. October on the middle of the sowing, the spring festival around the beginning of harvest.
2. Site selection and preparation. Soil preparation and fertilization. After the previous crop harvest, per mu into 5000 kg of high-quality rotten farmyard manure, 30 kg of ternary compound fertilizer, tillage 20-25 cm, raking flat, down-to-earth, the whole plot, the width of 1.5-1.7 meters. Drill can be about 10 cm row spacing ditching, ditch depth 3-4 cm, evenly spread seeds, and then cover soil, down-to-earth, watering.
3. Select improved varieties. Spinach overwintering cultivation, easily affected by winter and early spring low temperature, to the spring, the general varieties easy to bolt, reduce yield and quality. Therefore, we should select the varieties with strong winter, late bolting, strong cold resistance and high yield, such as spinach, spinach 10, spinach 9 and other cold-resistant varieties.
4. Sow at the right time. Overwintering spinach in stop growing before the plant up to 5-6 leaves, it has a strong cold resistance. Therefore, when the average daily temperature dropped to 17 °C-19 °C, the most suitable for sowing. At this time the climate is cool, suitable for spinach germination and emergence, generally do not need to sow germination seeds, and sow dry seeds and wet seeds. The method is to soak the seeds in 35 °C warm water for 12 hours, then dry them and sow or drill. After sowing, cover the soil and trample on the water. When sowing, if the weather is dry, must first furrow soil water, after sowing gently rake topsoil, make the seeds fall into the soil gap.
5. Sow in the right amount. Furrow drilling, row spacing 8-10 cm, seedling qi, according to the spacing 7 cm seedlings. If the seed purity is low, more impurities, dustpan can be used to remove impurities and shrunken seeds, leaving full seeds sown to ensure the emergence of neat, strong growth.
6. Management and protection before winter. After sowing 4-5 days to the emergence of seedlings, in the emergence of soil surface dry on the water, to ensure that the border soil surface wet to the seedling, in order to promote the growth of spinach. After the spinach sprouts unearthly, must carry on a shallow hoe to loosen the soil, by plays the weeding to protect the moisture function. When the plant grows 3-4 leaves, water can be properly controlled to promote root development for spinach overwintering. In order to meet the needs of the market before and after the spring festival, it is necessary to pay attention to the establishment of wind barriers or cold-proof and freeze-proof coverage in the coming winter, so as to avoid freezing damage to the leaves and seriously affect the yield and quality of spinach. When the plant grows 5-6 leaves will stop growing, to timely pouring frozen water, watering time should be mastered in the soil surface day night frozen. Watering frozen water had better use dung water, be helpful for spinach to turn green in early spring to accelerate growth. Remove the wind barriers in mid-february of the following year and clear the surfaces and furrows of debris.
7. Control of diseases and pests. The main diseases and pests of overwintering spinach are anthracnose, downy mildew, virus disease and aphids. Downy mildew and anthracnose can be controlled by spraying 75% chlorothalonil at 600 times, 25% metalaxyl at 700 times and 40% phos-al WP at 300 times. In addition to crop rotation, it is also necessary to control aphids and other vectors in a timely manner. During the peak period, 10% imidacloprid (2000x) or 2% Avermectin (2500-3000x) can be used to control aphids.
(8) windbreak cultivation of spinach
Wind-barrier cultivation is a kind of cultivation pattern which makes use of wind-barrier to plant on the north side of vegetable plot. Because the wind barrier can reduce the wind speed and stabilize the air flow on the vegetable border, the wind barrier has a good windbreak effect. Moreover, the wind barrier can also use the solar radiation and the reflection of the barrier surface to increase the air temperature and ground temperature of the vegetable border, and improve the microclimate before the wind barrier. Wind barrier, which can prevent wind and cold, keep warm and prevent freezing, is beneficial for spinach to overwinter, turn green in early spring and harvest early.
1. Land preparation for wind barrier. Wind barriers should be erected before the soil freeze, wind barriers erected too early, the border high temperature, easy to make aphids gather damage. The quality of soil preparation can not be guaranteed because of the late erecting wind barrier and the frozen soil. Wind barrier generally for the east-west direction, in the north of the vegetable plot dug a good wind barrier ditch, ditch width 16 cm, ditch depth 26 cm. Put reeds or bamboo poles, old agricultural film, rice straw curtains, corn stalks, sorghum stalks and other frames close to the south wall of the ditch and insert them evenly. Fill the soil and step on it. Tilt the wind barrier 70-80 degrees to the south, and bundle a horizontal pole at intervals of 50 centimeters, tie It firmly, behind the wind barrier to Earth, to block the cold wind. Before the wind barrier to do 4 sowing furrows, half a furrow walkway, each wind barrier spacing 7-8 meters, in order to prevent mutual shade.
2. Sowing and management. The management techniques of seeding, seedling management and freezing watering of wind barrier spinach are the same as those of overwintering spinach. It is necessary to pay attention to the timely watering of regreening according to the time of seedling regreening. As a result of one or two border insulation, seedlings ahead of green, so watering, topdressing should be carried out in advance.
3. Cultivation of spinach covered with plastic film. In other words, overwintering spinach in the next year before the green short-term use of old agricultural film covering on spinach, can be early green, early market. Generally in spinach green before 20-30 days covered with waste film, or cover during the winter, with warming cold effect, reduce dead seedlings, less covered open field spinach can be marketed 15 days earlier.
(9) cultivation and frozen storage of frozen spinach
Frozen spinach is sown in mid-autumn. During the growth period, the climate is gradually cool, the temperature difference between day and night increases, and the sunshine is gradually shortened, which is suitable for leaf primordium differentiation and leaf growth of spinach. In the later stage of growth, the soil is softened, so the plant accumulates more nutrients, fleshy, dark green, heart leaves fresh yellow, sweet taste, good quality, storage. Because spinach harvest with a part of the red root, green leaf red root lining yellow heart, color Yan shape beauty, also known as red root spinach. After the general harvest in winter by frozen storage, in the New Year, the spring festival period out after the thaw repair listed, long supply period, welcomed by the market. The management and earthing techniques of frozen spinach are complicated. The cultivation techniques and frozen storage methods of frozen spinach are introduced as follows.
1. Time of cultivation. Sown in early to mid September, it grows for 70-75 days and is harvested in mid to late November.
2. Variety selection. Frozen spinach should be selected more cold-resistant, dark green leaf color, leaf hypertrophy, petiole stubby, high-yield species or sharp round leaves species. Such as Shuangcheng Jianye spinach, Shanghai Jianyuanye spinach, foreign chuan and other varieties.
3. Make furrows by soil preparation. Field preparation of frozen spinach for the same root stubble spinach. Because it is in the late stage of growth to soil softening, so make a furrow to leave out the soil of the folder. The method was to make three beds side by side, extending from east to west, with two beds 1.67 m wide on each side for planting spinach, and one bed 0.7 m wide in the middle, without planting spinach. The soil in the bed was taken for earthening, and the bed was 8.3 m long.
4. Sow. Frozen spinach from sowing to harvest the right time to 70-75 days, so the sowing time is more strict. Sowing early, stems and leaves spindly, mesophyll thin, less nutrient accumulation, poor quality, harvest plants tend to aging, affect the effect of frozen storage. Sowing late, plant growth time is not enough, affect the yield. The suitable sowing time is in the first and middle ten days of September.
Cold storage spinach in the late growth stage to be earthed, the use of wide drilling, row spacing 10 cm, 5ー6 cm wide, 3ー3.5 kg per mu of seed, dry seed direct seeding. Field management such as watering, topdressing, intertillation, thinning seedlings, weeding and so on overwintering spinach. The difference is:
(1) thinning. Frozen spinach is grown during the season when temperature and light are most suitable for the vegetative growth of spinach. Plant growth, leaf hypertrophy, Tillers, can form a larger cluster. Therefore, proper thinning of seedlings and ensuring sufficient nutrient area between plants are conducive to photosynthesis and nutrient accumulation, which is the key to increase the yield and quality of frozen spinach. Seedlings should be divided into two times, generally asked seedlings 2 times, the final set of seedlings when the plant spacing of about 7 cm, the seedlings can be bundled down from the market.
(2) up soil. On the soil can make spinach plant cluster increase, mesophyll thickening, heart leaves bright yellow, improve the quality of spinach. It usually begins when the plant is 20 cm tall. Since the field is no longer watered and topdressed after the soil is applied, the weeds between the rows must be removed before the soil is applied, a large amount of water must be poured, and 20-25 kg of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer per mu must be topdressed along the flow. At the same time, the soil in the furrow should be turned over, broken up, and sieved, get ready for the dirt.
The method of soil: hand shovel, the fine soil evenly scattered in the spinach rows, each soil thickness LCM or so. After the soil is put on, the leaves pressed down by the soil are raked out with a soft-toothed bamboo rake so as to make the leaves receive sunlight, produce nutrients and prevent the leaves from being buried and decaying in the soil. Generally a total of 6-7 times on the soil, on the total thickness of 5-6 cm. The thickness of the soil depends on the growth of the spinach plant. The weaker the plant, the thinner it is.
5. Pre-harvest and frozen storage. Frozen storage should be harvested in time, so that spinach quickly frozen, in a dormant state of physiological activity is very low, reduce the loss. Harvest early, the outside temperature is high, can not be frozen into the ditch, the vegetables breathing strong, easy to heat in the pile, so that leaves cover yellow, rotten, increased loss; late, spinach frozen in the ground, it is difficult to shovel harvest. Harvesting season should be observed in the field, to see the spinach leaves frozen in the morning, can thaw in the day when the harvest period. Usually in mid-to-late November. But the leaves in the frozen don't immediately shovel closed, should be in the leaves after defrosting leaves without dew hoarfrost again closed. Because the leaves are hard to thaw when they're frozen, they're perishable when harvested and moisture increases when they're picked, making them perishable in pre-storage.
Use a shovel to scoop up the roots, leaving the red roots 2-3 cm long. Shake the soil and lay them on the ground in 30-40 cm bundles with the roots facing up and the leaves close to the ground to keep the leaves dry, stand upside down in a flat bed in the shade behind the windbreak. Separate the bundles into two rows and store them for 4-5 days. If the bundle is too large, the center of the vegetable will not freeze completely, and the heat released by the respiration of the vegetable body can not be lost, resulting in yellowing, deterioration and even decay of the leaves. If the bundle is too small, it will be easily drained by the wind and lose water, increasing loss, affect the output and quality of the product. Pre-storage during the day to cover the reed curtain to avoid water evaporation caused by sunlight wilting. Pre-storage time depends on the climate, such as spinach harvest temperature has dropped significantly, a little air can be frozen, if the weather turns warm, not frozen, can be pre-stored for a few days, so as to avoid post-cold storage vegetables pile heat rot.
6. Trenching and burying. Spinach should be frozen in the shade, cool, well-ventilated places, such as behind the wind barrier, the use of winter natural low temperature, storage. The optimum storage conditions are: -4ー -5 °C temperature, air relative humidity of 90%ー95% . Storage places should be prepared in advance, the form of cellar varies with the region.
Storage method: make parallel furrows 20 cm behind the wind barrier, 80-150 cm wide. pre-store spinach in furrows, with roots facing up and leaves facing down in 2-4 rows. When burying, place the vegetable bundles in their original position with the roots facing down and the leaves facing up, and pile them into 2 or 4 rows, leaving a 10 cm gap between the rows. Take soil from outside the furrow and fill it in the gap between the vegetable bundles, then enclose the whole vegetable bundles with soil, make it 25 cm high and thick, and finally cover it with a thin layer of soil, about 5 cm thick, to keep the wind and moisture away, and to protect the leaves from the cold wind and sun. When the temperature dropped, the vegetable bundle was frozen from top to bottom. When the vegetable bundle was frozen to the middle of the waist, the soil was covered for the second time about 10 cm, and then it was covered again. The total thickness of the covered soil was about 25 cm. When the temperature is lower, also need to cover the soil, or cover the straw curtain.
7. Unfreeze and go public. Generally, the frozen spinach bundles are planed out from December to the end of February of the following year before the new spinach comes into the market, and then refrigerate and come into the market. Defrosting method: when digging frozen soil, don't hurt the vegetable bundle, don't damage the vegetable leaves when moving, to avoid mechanical damage, use both hands to hold the root of the vegetable bundle, put it on the trolley, and transport it to a lower temperature vegetable cellar or a cold room, room temperature general 0ー2 °C, humidity to big, let the frozen spinach slowly thaw, not too quickly. When thawing, the ice crystals in the intercellular space of spinach leaves will gradually melt and return to the leaf cells, and the leaves can restore the swelling pressure and still return to the original fresh and tender state, which will not affect the quality of the product. After 3-5 days to thaw all the plants, open a large bundle of timely repair, remove yellowing and rotten leaves, trim the taproot, packed into a small bundle of about 1 kg, washed after loading baskets listed.